types:
analysis,
analytic thinking
the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations
conjecture
reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence
illation,
inference
the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation
reasoning backward,
regress
the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence
projection
a prediction made by extrapolating from past observations
syllogism
deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is derived from two premises
analogy
an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others
corollary
(logic) an inference that follows directly from the proof of another proposition
derivation
a line of reasoning that shows how a conclusion follows logically from accepted propositions
extrapolation
an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations
presumption
(law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or judicially noticed
cost-benefit analysis
an analysis of the cost effectiveness of different alternatives in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs
reductionism
the analysis of complex things into simpler constituents
systems analysis
analysis of all aspects of a project along with ways to collect information about the operation of its parts
casuistry
argumentation that is specious or excessively subtle and intended to be misleading
policy
a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government